How Far is Too Far? Far Narrative Distance vs Telling

There can be a fine line between a far narrative distance and telling. You pull away for style, or because you want to show more than just what the POV knows, but you start telling instead of showing. Where's the line between describing a scene and telling what's going on?

It’s one of those things that’s really hard to explain let alone show examples of, but I’m going to try to do just that. Because it’s a lot easier to understand this when you can see it in action. 

Narrative distance puts space between your POV and the reader, same as telling. It can go from experiencing what they experience (close) to watching them experiencing it (far). Both a far narrative distance and telling might explain things, but the way it’s done is subtly different. Frustrating I know. Hopefully the examples below will help clarify this.
Let’s look at a far distance sample:

The man was around thirty, but looked older, worn out from the constant running, the constant fear. He left the rundown hotel room and lofted a pair of equally worn duffel bags into the back of an old pickup truck. He sighed, staring at the meager supplies as if he wished he had a few more boxes of ammunition. Amarillo was overrun with the undead, and no place to be caught unprepared. His wife had begged him take another route, but the distress call they’d picked up last week had come from an Amarillo radio station. Every survivor knew you didn’t ignore other survivors. Bob was no exception.

Clearly Bob isn’t our narrator here. Someone else is watching this scene unfold and describing it. The word choice, the rhythm, the voice -- aren’t Bob’s, but another person’s. An omniscient narrator. But the focus is still on Bob. Even though Bob isn’t telling the story, it’s following his story. The narrator might be distant, but there’s judgment in the words used. Take a closer look at the phrases:

• was around thirty, but looked older
• equally worn duffel bags
• meager supplies
• as if he wished
• no place to be caught unprepared
• His wife had begged
• Every survivor knew
• Bob was no exception.

All these phrases fit the voice of the paragraph, and suggest whoever is describing this feels this way about it. “He was around thirty but looked older.” The narrator knows Bob’s age but judges him to look older than that. “Worn duffel bags,” is something the narrator can see, but they equate them to how they feel Bob looks. “Meager supplies” suggest the narrator doesn’t think they have that much left but it doesn’t come right out and say “they don’t have many supplies left.” Meager lets the reader assume how much is there. “as if” is a judgment call on the narrator’s part. He doesn’t know how Bob is feeling right then, but he’s guessing it’s this reason based on the previous observation of meager supplies. “No place to be caught” implies the narrator has knowledge Bob doesn’t and has an opinion about it. Same with “every survivor knew.” But “Bob was no exception.” is another bit of known personal information like his age.

But what if you get a little closer? Make Bob the POV and look at this same scene through his eyes.

Bob was around thirty, but felt older, worn out from the constant running, the constant fear. He left the rundown hotel room and lofted a pair of old duffel bags into the back of his even older pickup truck. He sighed, staring at the meager supplies and wishing he had a few more boxes of ammunition. Amarillo was overrun with the undead, and no place to be caught unprepared. Sally had begged him take another route, but the distress call they’d picked up last week had come from an Amarillo radio station. Everyone knew you didn’t ignore other survivors.

We see out of Bob’s eyes, hear his thoughts some, but it’s not him relaying this information. It’s someone else who knows Bob well enough to know how he feels about what’s around him and what’s important to him. See the differences? Certain phrases are now in Bob’s perspective.

• but felt older
• old duffel bags
• his even older pickup truck
• and wishing
• Sally had begged
• Everyone knew

He “felt older” is how Bob feels. He doesn’t feel thirty. “old duffel bags” implies Bob knows the age of the bags, vs “equally worn” of the more distant narrator who only guesses what they can see. “his even older pickup truck” implies Bob owns the truck and has had it longer than the bags. Note the use of “an older truck” in the omni narrator vs “his older truck” in Bob’s POV. Bob knows it’s his truck, not a truck. “And wishing” shows Bob is indeed wishing for something. “Sally had begged” is again personal and known info to Bob instead of the distant “his wife” of the first example. “Everyone knew” is now something Bob knows, not just random information. The narrator is showing all the things Bob knows and how he’d see them, but you’re not deep inside his head. There’s still distance between Bob and the reader.

Not for the hard part. Taking this same paragraph and making it told. This is a lot harder to do than you might think.

Bob was around thirty, but he felt older from constantly running from zombies. He left the rundown hotel room he and his wife Sally had been staying at and lofted a pair of worn duffel bags into the back of an old pickup truck. He sighed and stared at what was left of their supplies. I wish I had a few more boxes of ammunition, he thought. They were headed to Amarillo, which he knew was overrun with the undead, and he didn’t want to be caught unprepared. Sally had begged him take another route since it was so dangerous, but the distress call they’d picked up last week had come from an Amarillo radio station. Bob also knew you didn’t ignore other survivors.

Still distant, but from Bob’s POV. But doesn’t it feel told? It’s the explanations that do it. The reasons why things are as they are. The telling of motives. Instead of watching from a distance, the author butts in and explains the reasons behind the thoughts and actions. Look at the phrases used:

• from constantly running from zombies
• he and his wife Sally had been staying at
• an old pickup truck
• what was left of their supplies
• I wish I had a few more boxes of ammunition, he thought
• They were headed to Amarillo, which he knew
• didn’t want to be caught
• since it was so dangerous
• Bob also knew

“from constantly running from zombies” tells us why Bob feels older than thirty. It’s not that different than “from the constant running, the constant fear” but the second example suggests reasons, while the zombie one states it outright. “he and his wife Sally had been staying at” explains why they’re at the hotel. “an old pickup truck” pulls the POV away again to suggest he doesn’t own the pickup (minor to be sure, but what’s known and what’s not known is key to being in a POV’s head) “what was left of their supplies” explains they don’t have much left. “I wish I had a few more boxes of ammunition, he thought” tells us what’s he’s thinking. On its own it’s a perfectly acceptable way to show a thought, but mixed in with all the other explanations only add to the told feeling. “They were headed to Amarillo, which he knew” is a double whammy. Telling us where they’re going, and telling us he knows something, which would be obvious if this were his POV. “didn’t want to be caught” Tells motives again. It’s explains what the problem is and how Bob feels about it. “since it was so dangerous” also tells why Sally feels the way she does. “Bob also knew” tells us again what Bob knows instead of just relaying the info .

So much of showing is letting the reader observe the scene (through action, dialog or internalization) and letting them figure out the whys by how the characters act. No matter where your narrator is or how distant you keep your reader, you want to choose words that let them fill in the blanks. If it’s clear characters were staying at a hotel (because they just left the room) you don’t have to tell the reader they were staying there. Putting gear into the truck and thinking about Amarillo suggests that’s where they’re going. Wishing for more ammo because someplace wasn’t a place to be caught unprepared implies this is what Bob doesn’t want to have happen.

Don’t explain what the reader can figure out by observation, not matter how close or far they are from the narrative.